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How Do Globe Valves Work?

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How Do Globe Valves Work?

Globe valves are widely used in industrial and domestic piping systems for controlling the flow of liquids and gases. Their unique design allows for precise regulation of fluid flow, making them essential components in many processes.

This article explores how globe valves work in detail, focusing on their internal structure, operation, and the mechanics behind their flow control capabilities.


What Is a Globe Valve?

A globe valve is a type of valve used to start, stop, and regulate the flow of fluid through a pipeline. Unlike quarter-turn valves such as ball or butterfly valves, globe valves operate with a linear motion — a disc moves up and down to open or close the valve. The name "globe valve" originates from the spherical shape of the valve body that houses the internal components.

These valves are best suited for applications requiring accurate flow control and are commonly found in steam lines, oil and gas pipelines, cooling systems, and water treatment plants.


The Core Working Principle of Globe Valves

At the heart of the globe valve’s operation is the movement of the disc, which acts as the closure member. The disc is connected to a stem that moves up or down when the handwheel or actuator is turned. This vertical motion adjusts the gap between the disc and the valve seat, which directly controls the flow of fluid through the valve.

When the disc is fully pressed down onto the seat, the valve is closed, preventing fluid from passing. As the disc is lifted, fluid flows through the opening, with the flow rate increasing as the gap widens. The position of the disc between fully closed and fully open states allows for precise throttling of flow.

The flow passes through the valve body and changes direction — typically making a 90-degree turn — before exiting. This flow path and the linear movement of the disc distinguish globe valves from other types.


Flow Direction and Its Impact on Operation

Globe valves are designed to control flow in one direction only. The valve seat and disc are arranged so that fluid pressure assists in sealing when the flow moves from the inlet to the outlet side properly. If fluid attempts to flow backward, the sealing efficiency decreases, potentially causing leakage or damage.

Installing the valve with the correct flow direction ensures optimal operation and longevity. Usually, the inlet is connected to the side below the disc, so pressure pushes the disc against the seat to close the valve securely.


How Throttling and Flow Control Work in Globe Valves?

One of the main advantages of globe valves is their ability to provide fine control over flow rates. The position of the disc within the valve body determines the flow capacity. Operators can partially open the valve, allowing only a fraction of the full flow through the gap.

The throttling capability arises from the disc’s linear movement against the seat. By adjusting the stem, the disc can be placed at any position between fully closed and fully open, offering a wide range of flow control.

Here’s a simple illustration of flow rate control based on disc position:

Disc PositionFlow StatusTypical Use Case
Fully ClosedNo flowShut-off
Slightly OpenMinimal flowPrecise throttling
Half OpenModerate flowFlow regulation
Fully OpenMaximum flowUnrestricted flow


Types of Globe Valves and How Their Operation Differs

Globe valves come in several types, differing mainly in the internal flow path and stem angle.

T-Type Globe Valve: The most common type, where the flow turns 90 degrees inside the valve body. The stem moves perpendicular to the seat. This design causes a higher pressure drop but offers good throttling.

Y-Type Globe Valve: The stem is angled at approximately 45 degrees to the flow, providing a straighter path and reducing pressure loss. This design is suitable when flow resistance needs to be minimized.

Angle Globe Valve: This valve body forms a right angle, allowing fluid to change direction once inside the valve. It combines the flow control of a globe valve with a compact flow path, often used where piping layout requires a change in flow direction.

Despite differences, all these types operate on the same fundamental principle of the disc moving relative to the seat to control flow.


Internal Components and Their Roles in Globe Valve Operation

Understanding the internal parts helps clarify how globe valves function.

Disc: The movable component that seals against the seat to stop flow or moves away to allow flow. There are various disc designs, such as ball, composition, or plug discs, chosen based on the application requirements.

Seat: The fixed part inside the valve body where the disc seals to stop fluid flow. The seat is precision-engineered to ensure tight sealing and minimize leakage.

Stem: Connects the disc to the actuator or handwheel. When rotated, the stem converts rotational motion into the vertical movement of the disc.

Bonnet and Packing: The bonnet encloses the stem area, while packing materials prevent leakage around the stem during operation.

Together, these components provide reliable control of fluid flow, tight sealing when closed, and smooth operation.


Globe Valve Operation Under Different Temperature and Pressure Conditions

The installation of globe valves varies depending on system temperature and pressure to optimize performance.

Low-Temperature Systems: Valves are usually installed so that pressure is beneath the disc, helping the disc to seal tighter when closed.

High-Temperature or Steam Systems: The valve is oriented so pressure acts above the disc, preventing the disc from lifting accidentally due to pressure forces and protecting the valve internals.

Correct installation helps maintain the integrity of the valve, ensuring safety and operational efficiency.


Manual vs. Automated Globe Valve Operation

Globe valves can be operated manually using a handwheel, which requires the user to turn the wheel to raise or lower the disc. This method is straightforward but may be less convenient in large or remote systems.

In automated setups, actuators (electric, pneumatic, or hydraulic) control the stem movement based on signals from a control system. This allows precise, remote operation and integration into automated processes.

The working principle remains the same, with the actuator replacing manual force to adjust the disc position.


Common Operational Issues in Globe Valves

Despite their robustness, globe valves may face some operational challenges.

Pressure Loss: Due to the flow path that involves direction changes, globe valves create a pressure drop that can affect system efficiency.

Stem or Disc Sticking: Corrosion, debris, or lack of maintenance can cause parts to stick, making operation difficult.

Leakage: Worn seats or packing can lead to leakage around the valve or stem area.

Regular inspection and maintenance can prevent many issues and ensure smooth operation.


FAQ

How long does it take to open or close a globe valve fully?
Because of the linear motion and threading on the stem, globe valves generally take longer to open or close compared to quarter-turn valves.

Can globe valves be used for backflow prevention?
No, globe valves are designed for flow in one direction and do not act as check valves.

How does partial opening affect flow rate?
The flow rate increases gradually as the disc lifts, allowing precise control.

Do globe valves require lubrication?
Periodic lubrication of the stem and packing helps maintain smooth operation and prevent corrosion.


Conclusion

Globe valves work through the vertical movement of a disc inside a spherical body to start, stop, or regulate fluid flow. Their linear motion design and internal components provide precise control, making them invaluable in systems that require accurate throttling and tight sealing. Understanding the working principle of globe valves enables correct selection, installation, and maintenance, ensuring reliable and efficient operation in various industrial applications.


Zhongjian Valve sincerely invites new and old customers to work together for development.

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